Solute Concentration of Potatoes Essay - 914 Words

Nov 19/12 Solute Concentration of Potatoes Block 2-2 Purpose: To determine the concentration of solute in the potato’s cytoplasm by measuring the change in mass after the process of osmosis. Materials and Equipment: Refer to Biology 12 Lab Manual – Investigation 13 Procedure: Refer to Biology 12 Lab Manual – Investigation 13 Data and Observations: The Potatoes change in mass after the process of Osmosis Test Tube # | Concentration of Sucrose Solution (mol/L) | Initial mass (g) | Final mass (g) | Change in mass (g) | Percentage change in mass (%) | 1 | 1.0 | 5.12 | 3.63 | -1.49 | 29.0% | 2 |†¦show more content†¦As the Concentration of the Sucrose Solution decreases, the more the potato’s mass increases. This is due to the solution being hypertonic. So, as the solute concentration gets lower, the potato’s water concentration will get higher, therefore more water particles from the solution will absorbed by the potato. Some changed very little in mass because the concentrations of the H2O molecules in the potato and outside the potato were equal. This equality in concentration is called Isotonic. 2) When the concentration was at 0.3M, the potato’s cytoplasm and the sucrose solution was isotonic. The concentration of the potato’s cytoplasm was having the same solute concentration as the surroundings. Therefore, there would be no net movement of materials happening. 3) The mass of the potato cells would decrease, since the NaCl is a higher concentration than theH20 molecules inside the potato cells. So, the potato’s cells will evacuate and go into the surroundings, making it shrivel. This is known as a hypotonic solution. 4) The Sucrose molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane, but osmosis can still occur. So, the permeability of the potato’s cytoplasm only applies to the H2O molecules. 5) Salt can use as a weed killer because the salt itself can cause the plant to dehydrate through osmosis. Since the salt has a higher concentration, it will cause the plants water molecules and nutrients to be absorbed by the salt, leaving the plant allSh ow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Solute Concentration on Osmosis in Potatoes.943 Words   |  4 Pagesof investigation: The effect of solute concentration on osmosis in potatoes. Research question: What is the solute concentration of a potato? Hypothesis: Osmosis is the movement of water across the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The osmosis continues until the solute concentrations are equal in both areas. In this experiment, we put pieces of potatoes into test tubes with sugar solutions of different concentrations and leave them there over night.Read MoreDiffusion And Osmosis Of Potato Cores1733 Words   |  7 Pagesto the concentration of solute particles in a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if there are any differences between the osmolalities, the no-weight-changes of osmolalities, and the water potentials of potato cores in different solutions of different solutes. The percent weight change of the potato cores was calculated through a â€Å"change in weight† method. The potato core’s weight was measured before and after they were put into different concentrations of a solute for 1.5Read MoreDiffusion And Diffusion Of Diffusion1065 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessary to the life of the cell would diffuse to the cell’s surroundings, causing toxic materials to enter into the cell. The diffusion of the solutes is limited by the semipermeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion proceeds until the two concentrations are equal. For example, if a lump of sugar is dropped into a beaker of water, its molecules dissolve and diffuse. Diffusion results in an evenRead MoreThe Effect Of Solute Concentration On Osmosis1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Solute Concentration on Osmosis Introduction: Diffusion is the movement of certain molecules toward the direction of equilibrium, and is an important process in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion that refers to the diffusion of water, which is an important factor in many types of cells without cell walls because the water potential of a cell must be similar or equal to its environment in order for the cell to function properly. In cells, a semiRead MoreThe Effect Of Salt Solution Concentration On The Mass1294 Words   |  6 Pages Pooria Taheri Block 2 Osmolarity in Potatoes Research question: What is the effect of salt solution concentration on the mass in russet potatoes? Background Osmosis is a process which molecules of a solvent pass through membrane from a less concentrated area to a more concentrated area until it equalize the concentration on both side. Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions can be generally used to compare concentration of a solute in two solutions. Hypertonic solution is when oneRead MoreA Molarity Lab1061 Words   |  5 Pagesis the Molar Concentration (Solute concentration) of a Potato? ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Design ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 1. What is the dependent variable for this experiment? ------------------------------------------------- The dependent variable is the concentration (solute) of the potatoRead MoreEffect of Solute Concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells Report1709 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through semipermeable membranes, caused by the difference in concentrations on the two sides of a membrane (Rbowen, L.). It occurs in both animals and plants cells. In human bodies, the process of osmosis is primarily found in the kidneys, in the glomerulus. In plants, osmosis is carried out everywhere within the cells of the plant (World Book, 1997). This can be shown by an experiment with potatoRead MoreThe Effect Of Different Concentrations Of Sucrose On Osmosis1014 Words   |  5 PagesMichelle Lui Period 7 AP Bio Lab partners: Ashwin Sannecy, Matthew Kim An Investigation Of The Effect Of Different Concentrations of Sucrose On Osmosis Research Question: Part A: How does the molarity of sucrose solution inside dialysis tubes affect the percent change in mass of the tube after 20 minutes? Part B: How will the molarity of sucrose solution outside the root vegetable affect the percent change in mass of the root vegetable after being left in the solution for about 48 hours? Background:Read MoreDiffusion Osmosis Lab Report1295 Words   |  6 Pageslab, title Diffusion and Osmosis, was centered around the diffusion across a cellular membrane and how exactly materials move and diffuse in concentrations. Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of movement that are part of passive transport dealing with cell membranes. Diffusion is where the solutes move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. Water goes through the cell membranes by diffusion. Osmosis is specifically the movement of water through membranes. Since osmosis and diffusionRead MoreThe Effect Of Osmosis On Eukaryotic Cells1620 Words   |  7 PagesOsmosis in Potatoes Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to observe the effect of Osmosis in Eukaryotic cells; more specifically Potatoes under different sodium chloride solutions. Hypothesis: The hypotonic solution will demonstrate results of osmosis by gaining mass (g) by the conclusion of the testing period. This is because there is an increased presence of sodium chloride in the potato over the distilled water solution. Therefore the solvent moves from a low solute concentration area to

Safe as houses Free Essays

Hey kids, I’m Gavin and I want to talk to you today about safety around the house. How many of you here have younger brothers or sisters? [Response] Over half of you, that’s quite a lot. I’ll bet they get quite annoying sometimes, don’t they? I wouldn’t know because I am the younger brother. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe as houses? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though they do get quite annoying sometimes, I’m sure that deep down inside, you really do love your younger brothers and sisters, and that you would never want anything bad happening to them. This is why it is important to keep them save and out of trouble. How many of you here don’t have a helper? [Response] Well, that’s a large number of you. I bet every time your parents are out, you have to look after your baby brother or sister right? It’s pretty hard sometimes isn’t it? Well here are a few suggestions which might make it easier for you. Firstly, never let your brother or sister near the kitchen on their own. Stay away from the kitchen unless you are getting snacks to eat and drinks. The kitchen is a dangerous, unsafe and bad place to play. Your brother or sister could easily burn, scald or hurt themselves with hot or boiling water, clothes irons or hot oven doors. There are some yucky chemicals kept in the kitchen which aren’t very healthy for you if you drink or inhale it. Don’t forget there’s also a chance your baby sibling could slip and fall over. The kitchen is out of bounds. If your younger sibling needs to go to the toilet or take a bath, make sure that you go and help them. It is very important, and it will make you look more grown-up too, doing important things around the house. When they are taking a bath, make sure the water is not too hot or they could get hurt ands scalded. Also, be sure to hold them up because it is very easy for them to drown, so don’t play around during bath-time. Finally, never ever let your baby brother or sister go peeking down the toilet incase they fall in. It would be unsafe, unhygienic and very yucky. Moving away from the toilet issues, the next thing you have to be careful of are the doors. Slamming doors in your brother or sister’s face is a big no-no. Their fingers could get caught and it would be extremely painful. If any of you have a staircase in the house, you will probably know how dangerous they are, especially for kids under two. The best thing to avoid accidents to keep them away from the stairs and remove any toys or objects blocking the stairs. If not, you or your little brother or sister could turn into Humpty Dumpty and break into many pieces Talking about taking big falls, it is also a good idea to close any low windows your sibling could climb out of, or remove anything they could climb on to in order to get to the opening. Did you know that the biggest cause of accidents in homes are from playing with matches? If you have ever tried it and thought it cool, take some advice from the big kids, it’s not cool. You could easily kill yourself and your little baby brother or sister, so remember, keep tem away from those matches and remember the words of Smokey Bear; â€Å"Only YOU can stop [house hold] fires!† Don’t forget to keep them away from the medicine cabinet, and remind them often that it ISN’T candy. Finally, if you are playing outside the house, keep those little kids away from the garage or tool shed, which have a lot of dangerous tools and chemicals. (P.T.O.) Now you can go and tell your friends how cool you are and your parents how grown up you are because you know how to look after your baby brother or sister, and yourself. How to cite Safe as houses?, Papers

McCarthyism Vs Salem Witch Trials Essay Example For Students

McCarthyism Vs Salem Witch Trials Essay Over three hundred years ago in the town of Salem Massachusetts a problem was laid into our hands. A problem that will haunt our nation for years and years to come. When our nation was faced with a simillar problemit was almost taken the same as it was with the Salem Witch Trials. This problem was called McCarthyism. Many people feel that the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism was just about the same conspiracy, but more than two hundred and fifty years later. One day two girls and an Indian slave were caught dancing in a field, the two girls knew that they would get into trouble because the puritans didnt believe much in having fun. They knew that if they acted bewitched then it would save them a lot of trouble. So the girls started to go into convulsions, and act very weird. (Linder, Douglas. P1). This led part into something that is shunned upon in our nations history. This was the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials. In the late 1940s we found out that Russia had gotten the atomic bomb secret from two spies. This and other small things sparked the era of McCarthyism, the era many people would like to forget. Senator Joe McCarthy was a very talented man. He had ways of intimidating people very easy and very fast (Cook, Fred J p5). Senator Joe McCarthy knew how to work the public, and he knew that if he sparked up the communist issue with many people he would get his seat in the senate. This was another era in our nation that people would rather forget. This era ruined peoples lives and made them black listed from Hollywood forever. McCarthyism and The Salem Witch trials are very common for many reasons. They both started up because of the selfishness of others. If Joeseph McCarthy were not so selfish then the people that he accused would have had a job, and the would not have been shunned by the comminity. If the two girls were not so selfish then 19 people would have their lives back. This shows how McCarthyism and The Salem Witch Trials started off as somebody trying to get out of trouble, or somebody trying to get a higher seat in public but ended up as two of the most horribly looked upon events in American history. The Salem Witch Trials did not have a very good court system. As Mr. Larry Gragg explains the legal matters Governor Phips faced a legal dilemma The Massachusetts Bay colony had made the practice of witch craft a felony under the authority of a charter granted by Charles I in 1629. That document, however, had been revoked in 1686. Two years later, the colony became part of the Dominion of New England. Since the 1689 overthrow of Edmond Andros, the Dominion governor Massachusetts had existed in a legal limbo while its agents negotiated with William III for a new charter. Technically, then, no law against witchcraft existed. Governor Phips, who had arrived with a new charter, was unable to convene another provincial legislature to confirm the old statue until June 8. But he didnt want to wait that long so he appointed a special court of Oyer and Terminer (a judicial body to hear and determine) on May 27. He selected Deputy Governor William Stoughton and 8 leading merchants and landowners to serve on the court. They took various kinds of intangible evidence including direct confessions, supernatural attributes, and reactions of the afflicted girls were used (Dialogue Based on the Examination of Sara Good, by Judges Hawthorne and Corwin p5). .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .postImageUrl , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:hover , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:visited , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:active { border:0!important; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:active , .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4 .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u79deaca5088c8daab7046f4913fa67a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deforestation Essay They decided to accept Specter Evidence That is if someone in the community said that the accused person let the devil use their shape. They thought that was the best evidence because they figured you had to let the devil take your shape, and he couldnt take it without your permission. The court of Joe McCarthy was also very unlawful. According to 1950-1954: a man without a cause. there was an obvious case of guilty until proven innocent as opposed to innocent until proven guilty. Since they didnt have and tangible evidence against these people they couldnt throw .

The Book Of Sand By Jorge Luis Borges Essays - Jorge Luis Borges

The Book of Sand by Jorge Luis Borges Jorge Luis Borges is a famous Spanish author, known best for his short stories. In this paper, I will discuss several short stories written by Mr. Borges, what influenced him in his writings, and a brief history of his place of origin, Argentina. Borges' The Book of Sand is the story of a man who is visited by a stranger trying to sell a "holy book" called the Book of Sand. The narrator looks at the book and is unable to see the first or last pages of it because, as the stranger explains, the number of pages is infinite. The narrator is fascinated by the book and buys it, only to become obsessed with it, until the point that it is all he thinks about. He eventually gets rid of it by mixing it up in a pile of many other books in his basement. As will be discussed in this paper, Borges wrote philosophy in a lot of his works. In The Book of Sand, infinity is depicted in the form of a mysterious book. It symbolizes man's constant search for the world's existence. Borges is saying that it is an endless search and therefore pointless. The Other is the story of Borges sitting on a bench, as he feels as though he had lived that moment already. He begins to speak to the man seated besides him, and finds out the stranger has the same name, and the same address as he does. When Borges asks the man what year it is, the man answers 1918, even though it is 1969. It is then that the narrator figures out he is talking to the person whom he was fifty-one years earlier. He then tells "the other" him of the future, after which they part, knowing they will never meet like this again. This story deals with time. The author is very nostalgic and lives for his memories. It also is a philosophical story where Borges expresses his doubt that we all may "just be an image of a greater being". The Mirror and the Mask is the story of an Irish king who tells a poet to write a poem describing his power. The poet wrote a praise of his fighting success, and in reward for the excellent poem, th e king gives the poet a beautiful mirror and tells him to write another poem. In reward for his next work, the king gives the poet a mask. The king then asks for a third poem and receives a one line poem of perfection and in return gives him an elaborate dagger. The poet feels it to be a sin to hear such perfection and so he stabs himself with the dagger. The king also feels he has done wrong and becomes a beggar in his own kingdom never to repeat the poem again. What Borges is saying in this story is that should not try to understand G-d because he is unable to comprehend Him. He claims that "man's quest for truth is an utterly vain task". Jorge Luis Borges was born August 24, 1899 to a financially comfortable family in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father was a writer, a professor of psychology, and modern languages. He learned at home with a tutor until he was nine and began to learn English at home from his father, who always encouraged him to write. He came from a very literate family, and shared much cherished time with his father's books. Borges once said "for years I believed I had been brought up in a suburb of Buenos Aires, a suburb of dangerous streets and conspicuous sunsets. What is certain is that I was brought up in a garden, behind lanceolate iron railings, in a library of unlimited English books."(Here, he was referring to his father's library) He was also greatly influenced by published poets and writers who were friends of the family and often visited. In 1914, before World War I, Borges' family went to Europe where they traveled until the war was over. During these years of traveling, Borges, in his t eenage years, depended a lot on the company of his

Personal Goals - Finding Educational Success essays

Personal Goals - Finding Educational Success essays In hindsight, it is easy to say to oneself, "I should have done this, instead of that." However, foresight revelation can be quite difficult when deciding and set educational goals. For myself, I have found three areas in which I see myself striving for as a student: educational satisfaction, mentoring, and personal achievement. When I made the decision to return to school, my first dilemma was choosing which university to attend. Two factors that I had to take into consideration were my schedule and the quality of education I would receive from the school. I was accustomed to attending a traditional campus setting with the traditional semester courses. However, at this point in my life, I needed more flexibility from a school without compromising the course content for my degree plan. I previously attended an on-line course for Business Management, so I was familiar with the quality of education that the University provided. The learning teams also provided a realistic work environment. Taking these things into consideration, I determined that this university was my best option. The program focuses more on the working adult versus other public universities in the area. The smaller course sizes allow fewer distractions with more concentration on the assignments. This will enable me to learn more about the scope of business management. Particularly the courses in Organizational Behavior, Employment Law, and E-business have been intriguing subjects to me. The courses at the university include oral presentations and PowerPoint assignments. This practice will help to enhance my presentation skills. As a trainer, presentations play a big role in my everyday work environment. I believe preparation is the key to any presentation and practice makes perfect. I need development in creating PowerPoint presentations, and this program provides the perfect opportunity to do so. Exposing myself to different audi ...

50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics

50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics An argumentative essay requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. Youll need to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and information as well. One of the hardest parts is deciding which topic to write about, but there are plenty of ideas available to get you started. Choosing a Great Argumentative Essay Topic Students often find that most of their work on these essays is done before they even start writing. This means that its best if you have a general interest in your subject, otherwise you might get bored or frustrated while trying to gather information. You dont need to know everything, though. Part of what makes this experience rewarding is learning something new. Tips Its best if you have a general interest in your subject, but the argument you choose doesnt have be one that you agree with. The subject you choose may not necessarily be one that you are in full agreement with, either. For example, in college, you may be asked to write a paper from the opposing point of view. Researching a different viewpoint helps students broaden their perspectives.   50 Topic Ideas for Argument Essays Sometimes, the best ideas are sparked by looking at many different options. Explore this list of possible topics and see if a few pique your interest. Write those down as you come across them, then think about each for a few minutes. Which would you enjoy researching? Do you have a firm position on a particular subject? Is there a point you would like to make sure and get across? Did the topic give you something new to think about? Can you see why someone else may feel differently? A number of these topics are rather controversial and thats the point. In an argumentative essay, opinions matter and controversy is based on opinions, which are, hopefully, backed up by facts.  If these topics are a little too controversial or you dont find the right one for you, try browsing through persuasive essay topics  as well. Is global climate change  caused by humans?Is the death penalty effective?Is our election process fair?Is torture ever acceptable?Should men get paternity leave from work?Are school uniforms beneficial?Do we have a fair tax  system?Do curfews keep teens out of trouble?Is cheating out of control?Are we too dependent on computers?Should animals be used for research?Should cigarette smoking be banned?Are cell phones dangerous?Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy?Do we have a throw-away society?Is child behavior better or worse than it was years ago?Should companies market to children?Should the government have a say in our diets?Does access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy?Should members of Congress have term limits?Are actors and professional athletes paid too much?Should athletes be held to high moral standards?Are CEOs paid too much?Do violent video games cause behavior problems?Should creationism be taught in public schools?Are beauty pageants exploitative?Should English be the official language in the United States? Should the racing industry be forced to use biofuels?Should the alcohol drinking age be increased or decreased?Should everyone be required to recycle?Is it okay for prisoners to vote?Should gay couples be able to marry?Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school?Does boredom lead to trouble?Should schools be in session year-round?Does religion cause war?Should the government provide health care?Should abortion be illegal?Are girls too mean to each other?Is homework harmful or helpful?Is the cost of college too high?Is college admission too competitive?Should euthanasia be illegal?Should marijuana be legal?Do rich people need to pay more taxes?Should schools require foreign language or physical education?Is affirmative action fair or not?Is public prayer okay in schools?Are schools and teachers responsible for low test scores?Is greater gun control a good idea?

Air pollution of fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Air pollution of fracking - Essay Example In this essay, we shall discuss the documentary and the changes that have occurred since its production in 2010. ‘Gasland’ is an American documentary film produced in 2010 by Josh Fox to educate and enlighten communities in the United States of America on the impact of natural gas drilling especially horizontal drilling otherwise known as fracking. Fox starts the movie with narrating how he received a letter in May 2008 requesting him to lease his family land in Pennsylvania for $ 100, 000 to drill for gas, a claim that Energy In Depth later refuted arguing that it did not offer anyone money to lease his land for drilling gas. Fox goes to the west where the process of mining natural gas through fracking has been for the last 10 years. He engaged and stayed with the residents as they narrated their stories and experiences of natural gas drilling in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah and Texas among other several states, he talked with residents of those areas who had developed chron ic ailments that can be directly traced to contaminated air quality and pollution of water wells and surface. Fox goes ahead to show how some of the residents who have been affected by the negative effects of pollution from fracking have obtained court injunctions and settlements in terms of money from the gas mining companies in order to replace the water supplies that have been affected with safe drinking water or portable water purification kits. In his documentary, Josh Fox tries to reach out to the scientists, politicians and executives and all stakeholders in the gas mining industry. In addition to congress sub-committee, which was tasked with discussing the ‘fracking responsibility and awareness of chemicals act’, which was intended to amend the ‘safe drinking water act’ to repeal the exemption of hydraulic fracturing from safe drinking water act. Since 2010, a lot of changes have happened in the gas mining industry with relation to the process of mi ning that uses hydraulic fracturing. despite the concerns that have been raised over the pollution levels of the process, the number of gas wells that are being sunk have been constantly increasing with estimations putting that there are at least 35 wells that are being drilled daily for the last one decade. This has been largely contributed by the federal government’s laxity to enact federal laws that regulate the use of hydraulic fracturing in mining gas. In 2012, more than 30 million cubic feet of natural gas were drilled, which signified about 25 per cent, increase since the year 2006 (Anonymous, 13). Most of the proponents of the process have argued that the process of hydraulic fracturing could help the country become energy independent by the year 2020 and supply the country with relatively cheap and clean energy for the next 90 years. In addition, the states that have been using hydraulic fracturing to mine natural gas have been able to create recession resistant econ omies that have withered the economic storm that had swept the country in the last 5 years. However, despite these benefits, people living within the areas that these mining companies operate have always complained about the noise and air pollution that include odours that comes from these companies. The environmental protection agency study in 2011, which tested water and air in Wyoming where