History of Computer Printers

The history of computer printers began in 1938 when  Seattle inventor Chester Carlson (1906–1968)  invented a dry printing process called electrophotography—commonly called a Xerox— which was to be the foundation technology for decades of laser printers to come. Technology In 1953, the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the  Univac  computer.  The original laser printer called EARS was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center beginning in 1969 and completed in November  1971. Xerox Engineer Gary Starkweather (born 1938) adapted Carlsons Xerox copier technology, adding a laser beam to it to come up with the laser printer. According to the Xerox Corporation, The Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System, the first xerographic laser printer product, was released in 1977. The 9700, a direct descendant from the original PARC EARS printer which pioneered in laser scanning optics, character generation electronics, and page formatting software, was the first product on the market to be enabled by PARC research. Computing Printers According to IBM, the very first IBM 3800 was installed in the central accounting office at F. W. Woolworth’s North American data center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1976. The IBM 3800 Printing System was the industry’s first high-speed, laser printer. It was a laser printer that operated at speeds of more than 100 impressions-per-minute. It was the first printer to combine laser technology and electrophotography. In 1976, the inkjet printer was invented, but it took until 1988 for the inkjet to become a home consumer item with Hewlett-Packards release of the DeskJet inkjet printer, priced at a whopping $1000.  In 1992, Hewlett-Packard released the popular LaserJet 4, the first 600 by 600 dots per inch resolution laser printer.   The History of Printing Printing is, of course, far older than the computer. The earliest dated printed book known is the Diamond Sutra, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date.   Before Johannes Gutenberg (ca 1400–1468), printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum.  Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. Gutenberg  was a German craftsman and inventor, and he is best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century. Gutenberg made printing cheap. Linotypes and Typesetters German born Ottmar Mergenthalers (1854–1899) invention of the linotype composing the machine  in 1886 is regarded as the greatest advance in printing since Gutenbergs development of movable type 400 years earlier, allowing people to quickly set and breakdown an entire line of text at once. In 1907, Samuel Simon of Manchester England was awarded a patent for the process of using silk fabric as a printing screen. Using materials other than silk for screen printing has a long history that begins with the ancient art of stenciling used by the Egyptians and Greeks as early as 2500 B.C. Walter W. Morey of East Orange, New Jersey, conceived the idea of a teletypesetter, a device for setting type by  telegraph using coded paper tape. He demonstrated his invention in 1928, and Frank E. Gannett (1876–1957) of Gannett newspapers supported the process and aided in the development. The earliest phototypesetting machine was patented in 1925 by the Massachusetts inventor R. J. Smothers. In the early 1940s, Louis Marius Moyroud (1914–2010) and Rene Alphonse Higonnet (1902–1983) developed the first practical phototypesetting  machine. Their phototypesetter used a strobe light and a series of optics to project characters from a spinning disk onto photographic paper. Sources and Further Reading Consuegra, David. Classic Typefaces: American Type and Type Designers. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.  Lorraine, Ferguson, and Scott Douglass. A Time Line of American Typography. Design Quarterly148 (1990): 23–54. Ngeow, Evelyn, ed. Inventors and Inventions, Volume 1. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2008.

Emotional Intelligence, Emotion And Social Work - 1927 Words

Emotional Intelligence: Relevance to Social Work Introduction In the article â€Å"Emotional intelligence, emotion and social work†, the author Morrison (2007), stated emotional intelligence (EI) is â€Å"the missing ingredient that separate the average from top management or performance† (p1). Demonstrating a level of emotional competence in social work will a help a social worker to perform at a higher success level in the quality work they do or in the information they collect from someone who is seeking help than a social worker who lacks emotional competence. They have the â€Å"ability to make a positive impact above and beyond their competent colleagues† (Morrison, p3). As cited by Morrison (2007), Salovey and Mayer (1990) was first to come with†¦show more content†¦Morrison (2007) believed that it is important for social workers to exhibit emotional intelligence because it sets them apart from others that lacks the trait; displaying a â€Å"level of unconscious competence, expertise and effortlessnessâ₠¬  (p3). He talked about four different domains that the EI model measures. According to the article, there are two interpersonal and two intrapersonal domains. The interpersonal domain gives a measure of self-awareness and self-management skills, while the intra-personal domain measures empathy and relationship skills (Morrison, p7). It is great for social workers to be in-tune with their own emotions and learn how to cope with their lives in order to make a difference in a client’s life. Morrison (2007) also stated that having an â€Å"understanding and handling one’s own and other’s emotions is a critical aspect at every stage of the social work task: engagement, assessment, observation, decision making, planning and intervention† (p15). The second article, â€Å"Impact of a College Freshman Social and Emotional Learning Curriculum on Student Learning Outcomes† was a study constructed by various widener professors, Wang et al. (2007), investigating â€Å"the impact of implementing a social and emotional learning curriculum for college freshman on student learning outcomes, including social and emotional competence and academic performance† (p1). Based on the findings of Wang et al. (2012), they concluded that

Settlement Patterns - Studying Societys Evolution

In the scientific field of archaeology, the term settlement pattern refers to the evidence within a given region of the physical remnants of communities and networks. That evidence is used to interpret the way interdependent local groups of people interacted in the past. People have lived and interacted together for a very long time, and settlement patterns have been identified dating back to as long as humans have been on our planet. Settlement pattern as a concept was developed by social geographers in the late 19th century. The term referred then to how people live across a given landscape, in particular, what resources (water, arable land, transportation networks) they chose to live by and how they connected with one another: and the term is still a current study in geography of all flavors. Anthropological Underpinnings According to archaeologist Jeffrey Parsons, settlement patterns in anthropology began with the late 19th-century work of anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan who was interested in how modern Pueblo societies were organized. Julian Steward published his first work on aboriginal social organization in the American southwest in the 1930s: but the idea was first extensively used by archaeologists Phillip Phillips, James A. Ford and James B. Griffin in the Mississippi Valley of the United States during World War II, and by Gordon Willey in the Viru Valley of Peru in the first decades after the war. What led to that was the implementation of regional surface survey, also called pedestrian survey, archaeological studies not focused on a single site, but rather on an extensive area. Being able to systematically identify all the sites within a given region means archaeologists can look at not just how people lived at any one time, but rather how that pattern changed through time. Conducting regional survey means you can investigate the evolution of communities, and thats what archaeological settlement pattern studies do today. Patterns Versus Systems Archaeologists refer to both settlement pattern studies and settlement system studies, sometimes interchangeably. If there is a difference, and you could argue about that, it might be that pattern studies look at the observable distribution of sites, while system studies look at how the people living at those sites interacted: modern archaeology cant really do one with the other, but if youd like to follow through, see the discussion in Drennan 2008 for more information about the historical differentiation. History of Settlement Pattern Studies Settlement pattern studies were first conducted using regional survey, in which archaeologists systematically walked over hectares and hectares of land, typically within a given river valley. But the analysis only truly became feasible after remote sensing was developed, beginning with photographic methods such as those used by Pierre Paris at Oc Eo but now, of course, using satellite imagery. Modern settlement pattern studies combine with satellite imagery, background research, surface survey, sampling, testing, artifact analysis, radiocarbon and other dating techniques. And, as you might imagine, after decades of research and advances in technology, one of the challenges of settlement patterns studies has a very modern ring to it: big data. Now that GPS units and artifact and environmental analysis are all intertwined, how to do you analyze the huge amounts of data that are collected? By the end of the 1950s, regional studies had been performed in Mexico, the United States, Europe, and Mesopotamia; but they have since expanded throughout the world. Sources Balkansky AK. 2008. Settlement pattern analysis. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1978-1980. doi: 10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00293-4 Drennan RD. 2008. Settlement system analysis. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1980-1982. 10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00280-6 Kowalewski SA. 2008. Regional Settlement Pattern Studies. Journal of Archaeological Research 16:225–285. Parsons JR. 1972. Archaeological settlement patterns. Annual Review of Anthropology 1:127-150.

The Role Of Buddhism And Its Arts - 1304 Words

Gandhara from India were the artist of the Buddha sculpture titled as Teaching Buddha which represents the second miracle of Srasvasti wherein the Buddha performed his superiority over kasyapas. This piece of sculpture was made in second or third century as a seated Buddha on an inverted lotus throne supported by two elephants and a lion. This sculpture’s present location is at The UC Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) in Berkeley California. The sculpture is placed on the table which looks more or less damaged and also looks old. The sculpture looks traditional as it is based on the Buddhism religion. The art and sculpture of Buddha are varied according to the time and place, but the art by Gandhara remained same all†¦show more content†¦He gave up all the pleasures of his life and went to the yogic meditation beneath a Bodhi tree and after so long he achieved enlightenment. Finally, he was named as Buddha and the meaning is good thought, good inte nsions and peace. Gandhara is a Hindu name of ancient land in India, spoken of by Herodotus (BK VII C 6S and 66) as the land of Gandarioi. Gautama Buddha died one hundred and fifty years ago and from 263 BC to 221 BC, Asoka accepted the Buddhist faith. In the art, they did not use geometrical design but preferred to fill his space with elephant and lion also lotus and nude human beings which is perfectly done. This sculpture art style was influenced by original wood carving that came before the work in the stone. The human and animal figures are simply represented as an object on which masses of ornaments could be hung and they used to lack in the knowledge of anatomy and also low in their modelling. The two most important reliefs owned by the museum of fine arts and bulletin represents the temptation and victory of Buddha under Bodi tree and second his death or achievement of final Nirvana. Buddha is represented as of much greater size than the surrounding figures. The figures are set in an architect ure framing. Buddha’s faith is so pure and noble, beginning as a philosophy rather than a religion could not at first reached the hearts of people, but reached everywhere with the incorporationShow MoreRelatedThe Chaos and Division of Asias History Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesdivisive than uniting when individual countries considered their religions as different. Religious harmonization of Buddhism and Daoism was important to ending the wars that emerged from the struggle for influence between kingdoms (The Golden Age of China: 80). The main reason for religion causing division in Asia’s history was because of competition between two main religions, Buddhism and Daoism. Asia’s history did not have divisions that lasted forever. Certain historical events, especially the emergenceRead MoreThe Influence of Buddhism in Chinese Martial Arts Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesGutowski 1 BrandonGutowski Carrie Morris Narration of Asia 30 January 2012 The Influence of Buddhism In Chinese Martial Arts Since first introduced During the Han Dynasty, Buddhism has played a major role in Chinese art and culture. This is especially true in the traditions that surround the art of Shaolin Kung-Fu, and their strong belief in Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Kung-Fu was Influenced by the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama and focuses heavily on the belief that enlightenment is attained throughRead MoreEssay on Religions and Japanese Culture597 Words   |  3 PagesReligions and Japanese Culture Many religions are popular within the Japanese culture. Two of the most influential religions, Shinto and Buddhism that help shaped a lot of Japanese values are Shinto and Buddhism, played a large role in shaping Japanese values. Numerous similarities and differences run between these two religions; nonetheless, the Japanese often believe in more than one religion at the same time. This is possible due to the polytheistic nature of most popular religions inRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1390 Words   |  6 PagesTwo pieces of art that I found interesting were â€Å"Shiva, Uma, and Their Son Skanda† and â€Å"Shiva as Lord of Dance.† These are two completely different pieces of art but they have similarities that are worth acknowledging. Both of these pieces derive from India during the same time period, made with the same materials, and both fall under the religions of Hinduism. Not only do the details of the pieces help explain the art, but so d oes the culture and the religion practiced at the time the piece wasRead MoreEssay Buddhist Japanese Art1447 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduced by a mission from Korea in 552 C.E., Buddhism has long been a central theme in Japanese artwork. Since the king of Paekche, a kingdom in the South East of the Korean peninsula, first gave the Japanese emperor a bronze Buddha statue, the Buddhist art forms that were periodically introduced from China and Korea were tempered in the crucible of local custom and usage, to yield a rich tradition of religious art. The role of Buddhism in Japan was greatly amplified during the life and reignRead MoreThe Tale Of Genji By Murasaki Shikibu877 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion, and values of art and literature. The Tale of Genji illustrates a civilized and refined outlook of the Heian period that permits a clear view of the theological understanding of the Japanese elite during this time. The Heian period validated the imminent thriving and flourishing of Buddhists religion, art and architecture in Japan. In the Tale of genji Buddhism provides a philosophical and profound framework for court life. Prior to the emergence and development of Buddhism, Shintoism was theRead MoreThe Secular Age683 Words   |  3 Pagesand play a key role in politics and culture as well. The religion that my paper and my presentation will cover is the beautiful and expansive religion of Buddhism. It is my intention, throughout the course of my paper, to explain the main tenants of Buddhism, the history of the religion, and provide insight on the culture of the religion. Approximately 350 million people in the world today are practicing Buddhist, making Buddhism the world’s fourth largest religion. However Buddhism has an influenceRead MoreChinese Influence on Korea and Japan Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesDynasty/ Silla alliance shaped the future of Korea’s religious and government movements. Art and literature from China also greatly impacted Korea’s and Japan’s society and provided new insight into literary expression through new forms of poetry and a new system of writing. Religion was also a major influence because of popularity and acceptance of new views and beliefs. Agriculture played an important role in the development of Korean and Japanese civilizations because new tools and forms of irrigationRead MoreThe Korean Art Exhibition At The Los Angeles County Museum Of Art1099 Words   |  5 PagesKorea has met many religious ideas and practices throughout the nation’s history. Other than the more indige nous ideologies like shamanism, Confucianism and Buddhism have been most influential in ancient Korea prior to the onset of Japanese colonialism. The Korean Art Exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art showed multiple ritual objects such as incense burners and ritual bottles (kundika) used in Buddhist practices during the KoryÃ…  period, suggesting that the religion was prevalent duringRead MoreThe Buddha From Gandhara And Theotokos Of Vladimir1509 Words   |  7 Pagesincredible works of art, Meditating Buddha and Vladimir Virgin. When you first look and read the title of the theme I choose, it may cross your mind that my theme has something to do with religion. Meditating Buddha from Gandhara and Theotokos of Vladimir may come from different cultural traditions; however they both share the same general theme of picturing the divines. The Meditating Buddha or Seated Buddha from Gandhara is an early statue of Buddha from Gandhara, Pakistan. This work of art is from the

Essay on Open Source Software Free Essays

string(275) " cost are essential factors in software development and they can be exploited by using of OSS which reduces the number of programmers employer has to pay himself, provides a ready tested code from other projects and thus reduces the time it takes to build, test and develop\." Introduction: The concept of open source affects many fields of study from computer software and hardware to architecture, health, science, robotics and even politics. Linus Torvalds predicted this proliferation of source openness when he said: â€Å"the future is open source everything†. But another founder of open source movement, Eric Raymond, refused the using of this concept about applications outside software (Wikipedia, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Open Source Software or any similar topic only for you Order Now Free/open source software (F/OSS) is accessible software where end source code is available for the user. It is not limited to software as applicable ones, it exceeds to allow beneficial to read, modify and recreate the source code (V. Hippel, V. Krogh, 2003). So F/OSS is usually provides users with source code and information needed to apply their changes on them. The ability to run the program as the user wishes is one of the essential freedoms which Richard Stallman, the founder of free software and defender of open source, was confirmed in an interview. These freedoms are: the freedom to study how these software works, the freedom to change it according to project’s requirements, the freedom to redistribute it and the freedom to distribute your modified copy to others (Reilly 2008). In Raymond opinion â€Å"good programmers know how to write, great ones know what to rewrite†, and he illustrated that it is almost easier to use an already existing solution to start with than to start from nothing at all. But this involves developer in difficult-to-be-solved problems if choice is not suitable. Linux operating system was not written from scratch where Linus Torvalds started by studying ideas from Minix â€Å"a tiny Unix-like OS† and then reused it according to project’s purposes (Raymond, 1999) Beginnings: It was a big surprise for those who used to pay for software to be told that groups of volunteers create high quality software and produce it to the community for free. The idea of FOSS began in 1960s. In this decade commercial software was not available and researchers were in need to share software code. As a result, they started to share source code in a limited framework. â€Å"Open sharing of software code was a common practice in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the early 1960s and in similar laboratories such as Stanford and Carnegie Mellon† (Moon Sproull 2002). After that developers and users gave the idea more attention. Consequently, foundations of free software have been established in 1980s when Stallman called for free software and claimed that software should be common. In an interview, Stallman confirmed that computer users could not use the proprietary software come with most computers in the 1980s. So, such software keeps users â€Å"divided and helpless†. Stallman was dissatisfied with that situation and he started the free software movement in 1993 when he wrote the GNU open source operating system (M. Reilly, 2008). The general public license of GNU operating system allows users receive all their rights in essential freedoms mentioned above. In 2005 the idea achieved its goals in software filed and became more trusted by users and developers (Raymond 1999). Wikipedia is a known example of F/OSS. It is a free encyclopedia started in the beginnings of 2001 by means of highly qualified contributors. It provides 19 free encyclopedias in 19 different languages and its content has been created by user contributions. Many other examples like Apache web server, BIND name server and Linux operating system kernel are free for any user to use, amend and share. Motivations: The motivations of Stallman to produce free software are his strong belief in freedom, particularly â€Å"the freedom for individuals to cooperate† (2003). But what are the incentives other developers have to become contributors in open source projectsIn other words, why do programmers volunteer their time and experience without any financial returns to create free software? Raymond is one of the first GNU contributors, a developer of many net open source software and a significant participant in Linux operating system development. He indicated that Linux project was going from â€Å"strength to strength† and the reason was the â€Å"bazaar† model of the Linux development style in which all contributors worked hard as at individual projects. He added that the democratic atmosphere in bazaar model motivated him and his partners to work hard regardless of financial returns (Raymond 1999). The Linux creator, Linus Trovalds, says: â€Å"I am basically a very lazy person who likes to get credit for things other people actually do† (Raymond 1999). Torvalds , as he stated in his book ‘Just For Fun’, has an early interest in computing, he does not seem to take himself too seriously, he is a lucky guy who can provide a career for himself, and he finds a lot of fun when he writes software code. It is surprising that hackers are also a significant motivating factor; they lead developers to impress their peers, gain a better reputation and raise their ranks in society (Zaleski et al. 2001). Wikipedia showed, in a study made up by Wikipedia administrators, that the reason for their participants to be a part in such free work is the desire to create a benefit thing that helps others and meets their requirements (Wikipedia 2010). While the basic motivations for corporation in learners open source community are learning specific topics, learning how to be future learners and projects creating. Advantages: Software is characterized by many factors: Its cost, where the lower price is more preferred and thus free is the most. Voluntary work, where volunteers are motivated towards the project and they are interested in, which means that they do their best. Continuously tested by all participant and users, hence it is almost free of bugs and errors. These factors refer that open source software is likely to be the best solution for any project if needed features are provided. Besides, developers have created it according to own needs which means that it is in a high level of quality and efficiency. F/OSS has many advantages related to development cost and time, bug correction and independency. Time and cost are essential factors in software development and they can be exploited by using of OSS which reduces the number of programmers employer has to pay himself, provides a ready tested code from other projects and thus reduces the time it takes to build, test and develop. You read "Essay on Open Source Software" in category "Essay examples" Besides that creating software by many developers, each has revised and corrected its errors and each has a different background, leads to less bugs and faster detection and correction. Linus’ law refers to this idea ‘Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow’ (Answers.com, 2009). Openness of source code provides communication paths and interactive communities. F/OSS community in schools consists of researchers, learners and teachers; each listens to others and respects their opinions. It is expected in this style of community to switch roles among its members, where students may be assigned particular roles to take on for the studied project. So they can share their ideas in all project’s aspects. On the other hand, sense of control is uncommon in most classrooms, so one of learner’s community’s advantages is to prepare students for future life by involving them in the experiment of leadership (H. Baytiyeh, J. Pfaffman, 2010). Another advantage for open source software, which Zaleski stated in his article, that open source innovation was the reason for Linux operating system to move quickly from being an ambiguous operating system used by programmers and hackers to an essential operating system in business area (2001). On the other hand, open source technology resolved the problem of knowledge transfer in developing countries. Direct import of software not only costs these countries high amounts of money, but also puts them in complex troubles where they do not know how to develop this software to meet the local needs (Alkhatib 2008). Why do some organizations still buy commercial software instead of using free ones? The voluntary of open source projects and the relative lake of financial support make them far from marketing and advertising. This means that many organizations have not been informed that free solutions relevant to their needs are available freely. This â€Å"knowledge gap† cause many other barriers. Some managers do not know how to implement and use open source applications and they may be unaware of the range of services provided with such applications like support services and consultations. To cover this knowledge gap, an â€Å"up to date† archive of open source applications is available in SourceForge.net website. This website consists of more than 131,000 open source applications with their latest software updates where the accessibility is allowed for any organization to find suitable free software according to its requirements. Further, assistance with the technical issues of open source applications implementation is available by many open source consultants like IBM, Red Hat, and Open Sky Consulting. Forking is another reason for not using F/OSS. The independency between open source software developers groups leads to different versions of same software. Although these versions started with the same source code, they are not able to interoperate because these groups create their own versions without coordination. This phenomenon is called â€Å"forking† and it is the responsible for open source software fragmenting. As a result, the open source BSD-Unix community was divided into three portions in early 1990s, and Emacs text editor and NCSA web server are other examples where both forked into two divisions in 1992 and 2995 respectively. In Nagy’s opinion, forking is dangerous because it causes inherited fragmentation for both of the original software adopters and marketing of relative applications. Many versions of one software leads adopters to choose one to support, consequently, software will not gain the critical mass of adopters it aims to do. On the other hand, venders will be put in a point of choosing to support one of forked versions or all of them in their own applications. In this case, some adopters and vendors decide to wait for a standard version or to stall their adoption and supporting (NAGY et al. 2010). Conclusion: No one can predict the future of software, but developers can expect that open source software will be stronger and gain increased faith from traditional software industry. Historically, one can recognize the discontinuities appeared between IBM System in the 1960s, first PC in the end of 1970s and the open source movement in the 1990s. So it is expected that this technology gap will take place in the next 10-15 years for a new software innovation (Campbell-Kelly 2008) Green IT Introduction: IT has brought many significant solutions for environmental sustainability, but at the same time, it caused a lot of problems especially in data centers where energy is consumed enormously (Murugesan 2010) Hopper, a professor of computer technology at the University of Cambridge and head of its Computer Laboratory, claimed that â€Å"the system we now employ is hugely wasteful† and he proposed to create new systems which are more efficient, less expensive and help in reducing energy consumptions; because he believed that moving data is cheaper than energy (Kurp 2008) Computers impact environment from the first stage of producing to the last stage of disposal. Moreover, increased consumption of energy leads to more greenhouse gas emissions because the main source of energy is coil, oil or gas burning (Murugesan 2010) Since environmental problems come from each stage of computer’s life, green IT must covers all of these areas, from designing to manufacturing and use end with disposal. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines green computing as â€Å"the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems -such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems- efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment.† (Murugesan 2008) Suggested solutions: Dell and Hewlett-Packard are two computer manufacturers. They decided to solve the problem by retooling their products. On the other hand, the solution from the standpoint of David Wang, the data center architect for Teradata, is not to replace all old computers by others which are more environments friendly. He confirmed that attention must be drawn to increasing power consumption as well as to heat removal in data centers (Kurp 2008). Murugesan has illustrated areas and activities which are involved in green IT solutions as the following: – Environmental friendly designing; – Energy-efficient computing; – Power management; – Location and architecture of data centers; – Server virtualization which has been explained before; – Responsible disposal and recycling; – Regulatory compliance; – Green metrics, assessment tools and methodology; – Environment-related risk reducing; – Use of renewable energy sources; and – Eco-labeling of IT products (2008). Other solutions have been produced by Hasbrouck and Woodruff. They suggested two strategies for green computing: Reduce computing technology’s contribution to the problem by producing energy-efficient computers, take reusability into account during computers’ designing, use less materials and work toward computers’ and related systems’ recycling. Moreover, they indicated that truing off inactive computers, using energy-efficient devices and reduction of emissions emitted from computers’ manufacturing are significant parts of this strategy. Give computing a role in resolving the issue by creating green applications which enable design green objects and green processes such as design green buildings, invent source of renewable energy and design fuel-efficient aircraft (2008). Most efforts in green IT are directed towards the first strategy to solve environmental problems which have increased along with computers’ using increase. As a result of these problems caused by computers, many associations are turning to green computing to save money and reduce waste. To do so, Dick Sullivan listed five major trends: Virtualization in all forms especially for servers, storage and network environments. In other words, transform entire machines into software-based entities. For instance, a room with five servers can be replaced by an efficient server provided with high performance software. Utilize the cloud computing where no need to have own data centers, own big servers or storage systems. Many organizations need only a small amount of proprietary equipment and functionality. In this case, they can basically purchase what they need from someone else who will be responsible for the security, power and maintenance. Sullivan confirmed that â€Å"a huge amount of data is basically an exact duplicate of other data†, so converting to intelligent compression or single instance storage can eliminate this waste and cut the total data storage needed. Solid-state disk (SSD) has no moving parts and is not magnetic, so it is a stronger, safer and faster way to store and access data. Everyone can make impact and be a part of green computing project when s/he has more awareness of her/his direct and indirect daily computing habits. Employees, for example, can support green computing if they use to turn off computers not in use, banning screen savers and shorten the turn-off times when computers are inactive. On the other hand, printing waste a lot of papers, so managing this daily process by printing only as needed and adopting double sided printing will make a significant impact (Clarke 2009) Many efforts have been made to support the idea of green IT. Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is one of these efforts. It seeks to reduce electric power consumption of PCs and it has established a catalogue of green products from organizations involved with, in addition to helpful information about reducing PC energy consumption. This initiative is a group of consumers, businesses and conservation organizations formed in 2007, it has gained brilliant results where 50 percent of energy consumed by computers was economized by 2010, and it was able to reduce global CO2 emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year (Wikipedia 2010). Motivations: To enforce computer users to subject to green IT solutions and apply them on their daily routines, government can face them with more green taxis and rules. But it is better, in my opinion, to raise people awareness toward the danger that threatens the Earth if they continue using traditional computers in traditional methods, and to teach them the benefits of green IT. Applying green IT issues in all affected areas offers individuals and organizations financial benefits where IT operations achieve better energy efficiency through green initiatives. In a survey made by Sun Microsystem Australia, 1500 responses have been collected from 758 different-size organizations. Almost of these responses illustrated that the main reasons for using green IT practices are reducing energy consumption and get lower costs. As a result, most companies started to prioritize environmental issues. Moreover, institutions and corporate ask their suppliers to take into account how to â€Å"green up† their products and manufacturing processes. Not only companies but also people began to adhere to environmentally friendly issues of IT (Murugesan 2008). Green IT approach: As it has mentioned above that environmental problems caused by computing should be addressed by a holistic approach which include solutions for all areas affected by using computers. This approach, as it has been explained by Murugesan, consists of four concepts: Green use that aims to reduce energy consumption and use computers in an environmentally friendly manner. Green disposal where computers, related system like printers and electronic equipments should be reused, refurbished or recycled. Green design where new computers, servers and cooling devices can be designed to be more energy efficient. Green manufacturing which aims to adopt the process of computers and sub-systems creating that minimize or get rid of its impact on the environment (2008) References: 2003. Richard Stallman: Freedom–His Passion Both For Work And In Life. Electronic Design, 51(23), 112. Answers.com, what are the advantages and disadvantages of open source software and why?, [Internet]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_ disadvantages_of _open _source_software_and_why, [Accessed 30th November 2010] Campbell-Kelly, M., 2008. Historical Reflecions Will the Future of Software be Open SourceCommunications of the ACM, 51(10), 21-23. Clarke, K., 2009. Green computing trends you should know. Associations Now, 5(8), 19. Hasbrouck, J. Woodruff, A., 2008. Green Homeowners as Lead Adopters: Sustainable Living and Green Computing. Intel Technology Journal, 12(1), 39-48. Kurp, P., 2008. Green Computing. Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 11-13. Michael Bloch, Open source software in your online business -advantages/ disadvantages, 1999-2010 Moon, J.Y. Sproull, L., 2002. Essence of distributed work: The case of the Linux kernel. In P. Hinds S. Kiesler, eds. Distributed work. Cambridge, MA US: MIT Press, pp. 381-404. Murugesan. S., 2008, â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February 2008, pp 24-33. Murugesan, S., 2010. Making IT Green. IEEE Computer Society, Vol. 12, No. 2. NAGY, D., YASSIN, A.M. BHATTACHERJEE, A., 2010. Organizational Adoption of Open Source Software: Barriers and Remedies. Communications of the ACM, 53(3), 148-151. Raymond, E., 1999. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Knowledge, Technology Policy, 12(3), 23. Reilly, M., 2008. Interview: Richard Stallman, one of the founders of â€Å"free software†. Vidyasagar Potdar and Elizabeth Chang (2004) Open source and closed source software development methodologies. Proc.of the 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, pages 105-109, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 25 2004. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2001) Open source [Internet]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source, [Accessed 4th November 2010] Zaleski, J. et al., 2001. JUST FOR FUN (Book Review). Publishers Weekly, 248(17), 60. How to cite Essay on Open Source Software, Essay examples

The world around me free essay sample

Inside this lonely room I am looking out the window, seeking the attention of this unresponsive world. I am really surprised of how Television can be so amusing. Sitting on the dining table, I looked out by surprise witnessing these young kids playing in the rain then thought to myself, I grew up too much. Playing soccer in the house is what I live for and always do. By myself dribbling the ball forward and backwards, there and back, its the most amazing way to kill time and to use your imagination to play. Drifting left and right, I found myself, screaming with pain because I Just hit the side of a wall with my pinky. I fell to the ground laughing and crying with pain. On the walls of my house are these special posters around describing who my family really meant and was about. As I looked up to the sunlight in the sky, I almost gone blind, but the clouds saved me covering the sun and hiding behind this cool abstract, looking everywhere for the moon. We will write a custom essay sample on The world around me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I found myself searching really hard the at last I found it hiding behind the trees near my house. I thought to myself that IVe found two day stars, the sun and the moon, then I smiled. I witnessed the moon rising up from the horizon as day fell and night came. Looking at the moon, I desired to go up to the moon to be as free and the early bird in the sky. Then as day came I woke up looking at the outside the window. I saw the sun, shining its rays onto the crisp leaves of fall, making the leaves look more orange and attractive that it already was. Then again looking at the heavenly planets of the night, I was able to spot Saturn, I saw many stars, and wasnt able to recognized it so I promised myself that I would follow up on astronomy the following year. I continuously cant stop thinking about stars, so I follow the new on stars and how the U. S searches for any Methane/life forms on other nearby planets.